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  Ref.: TG ASA 25/2004.01
  Acting President Goh Kun
  The Blue House
  1 Sejong-no, Jongno-gu
  Seoul
  Republic of Korea (South Korea) 1 April 2004
 
  Open letter to Acting President Goh Kun - Continued use of
the
  draconian National Security Law: Amnesty International's
concerns about
  Professor Song Du-yul's case.
 
  Dear President Goh,
 
  Amnesty International has actively campaigned for human
rights in South
  Korea for many years. We have witnessed positive
developments that have
  enhanced human rights for South Korean citizens. I
acknowledge that one
  of the first acts of your cabinet in April 2003 was to
release some
  long term prisoners of conscience under an official amnesty.
However,
  my concern is that in some areas of human rights, the
situation remains
  unchanged. For example, the continued and arbitrary use of
the National
  Security Law (NSL) has led to an erosion of human rights.
 
  Amnesty International acknowledges that every government has
a right to
  take measures to ensure the security of its citizens. We
also
  appreciate that South Korea has special security concerns
with regard
  to North Korea. However, security concerns should never be
used as an
  excuse to deny people the right to express different
political views
  and to exercise fundamental human rights including the right
to freedom
  of expression as established in international standards
including the
  International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)
to which
  South Korea is a state party.
 
  Amnesty International is concerned that in South Korea the
NSL - which
  has been in force since 1948 - has been used throughout the
years to
  imprison people for nonviolent political activities. The law
provides
  for long sentences or the death penalty for "antistate" and
"espionage"
  activities, terms that are not clearly defined and have
often been used
  arbitrarily against people peacefully exercisingtheir basic
rights to
  freedom of expression and association. For instance, Article
3 of the
  NSL provides for "capital punishment or imprisonment for
life" for "a
  person who is engaged in the function of a ringleader" or "a
leading
  member" of an "anti-government organization". According to
Article 7 of
  the law, (under which most arrests are made today) anyone
found guilty
  of "praising" and "benefiting" the enemy (generally meaning
North
  Korea) will receive sentences of up to seven years'
imprisonment.
 
  The Human Rights Committee (the expert body established
under the
  ICCPRto monitor states' compliance with the Covenant) in
October 1999
  considered that "the scope of activities that may be
regarded as
  encouraging 'anti-state organizations' under article 7 of
the National
  Security Law is unreasonably wide." The Committee concluded
"that the
  restrictions placed on freedom of expression do not meet
the
  requirements of article 19, paragraph 3 of the Covenant, as
they cannot
  be regarded as necessary to protect national security."
 
  On 30 April 2004, Professor Song Du-yul, a philosophy
professor at
  Muenster University in Germany, was sentenced to seven years
under the
  NSL by the Seoul District Court. Amnesty International is
concerned to
  find in the case of Professor Song that yet again the NSL
has been used
  to target someone who has exercised his right to freedom of
expression
  in a non-violent manner. Professor Song (59) a naturalised
German
  citizen since 1993, has acted on his beliefs in a
non-violent way, as
  such, Amnesty International considers him to be a prisoner
of
  conscience. The South Korean law under which he is currently
indicted
  fails to meet international human rights standards which
require that
  all criminal offences are defined precisely or clearly so
that people
  understand what conduct is prohibited. Its vaguely worded
clauses have
  been used arbitrarily to criminalize the exercise of freedom
of
  expression.
 
  Under the alias Kim chul-su, Professor Song is accused inter
alia; of
  being a member of North Korea's Korean Workers'Party and its
Politburo
  since meeting with the late North Korean leader Kim Il-sung
in 1991;
  spreading North Korean ideology abroad and visiting North
Korea on more
  than 20 occasions since 1973 on "orders from Pyongyang". The
accusation
  that he was a member of North Korea's Politburo was made by
Hwang Jang-
  yop, (a former Korean Workers' Party secretary who defected
to South
  Korea in 1997) in a book he wrote in 1998. Professor Song
always denied
  this allegation and took Hwang Jang-yop to court. A South
Koreancourt
  ruled in 2001 that there was no evidence for such an
allegation.
 
  Professor Song visited South Korea on 22 September 2003
after 37 years
  of exile in Germany. He was reportedly invited to South
Korea by the
  Korea Democracy Foundation. Amnesty International has
received reports
  that on the day of Professor Song's arrival, when he passed
immigration
  control at the airport, a high-ranking official of the
National
  Intelligence Service (NIS) approached Professor Song and
told him that
  he had placed 40 agents around the airport and that
Professor Song
  could either follow him directly to the NIS or go there the
  followingmorning. He reportedly stated that if Professor
Song failed to
  report to the NIS he would be arrested.
 
  The day after he arrived in South Korea, Professor Song went
to the NIS
  where he was reportedly interrogated by up to ten agents for
13-15
  hours a day for four days though he was not detained. After
almost
  three weeks the NIS handed over his case to the prosecution
even though
  there was reportedly no new evidence for his alleged
Politburo
  membership. On 22 October 2003, Professor Song was taken
into custody
  apparently because of the possibility he might flee or
destroy
  evidence. During the first few weeks he was interrogated for
eight-ten
  hours a day, he was reportedly handcuffed and his upper arms
were tied
  together with a rope. After protests from the German embassy
this ill-
  treatment did stop. However, contrary to normal practice in
South Korea,
  the prosecution did not allow a lawyer to be present during
  interrogation.
 
  During the entire interrogation Professor Song's lawyer was
not
  permitted to be present. Even though the Seoul District
Court on 31
  October ordered that prosecutors allow lawyers to accompany
Professor
  Song during questioning, a decision upheld by the Supreme
Court on 1
  November 2003 following an appeal by the prosecution.
 
  Amnesty International considers the manner in which
Professor Song was
  interrogated, for long periods by the NIS and the police
constitute
  cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and a
violation of
  Article 7 of the ICCPR. Under Article 16 of the Convention
against
  Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment
  to which South Korea acceded to in January 1995,the
government is also
  obliged to prevent such treatment. Furthermore, the refusal
of the
  prosecution to allow Professor Song's lawyer to be present
during
  interrogations fails to comply with international fair trial
standards.
  According to Principle 1 of the Basic Principles on the Role
of Lawyers
  and Principle 17 (1) of the Body of Principles for the
Protection of
  all Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment,
everyone
  arrested or detained (whether or not on a
  criminal charge) and everyone facing a criminal charge has
the right to
  the assistance of a lawyer to protect their rights at all
stages of
  criminal proceedings, including interrogations.
 
  Professor Song was indicted on 19 November 2003 for
violating Articles
  3, 5 and 8 of the NSL namely for "joining an anti-state
organisation"
  and siding with an "enemy benefiting organisation." As
mentioned above,
  Article 3 provides punishment including the death penalty
for
  constituting or joining an "anti-state organization."
Article 5 of the
  NSL stipulates punishment including the death penalty for
anyone who
  provides voluntary assistance with "the intention of
assisting an anti-
  government organization," while Article 8 stipulates
punishment for
  anyone "who makes contact with a member of an
anti-government
  organization or a person who has received an order from
it".
  Prosecutors are reportedly calling for a 15 year prison
sentence for
  Professor Song.
 
  Amnesty International is also concerned at reports that
prosecutors
  allegedly decided to indict Professor Song because he showed
few sign
  of regret over his past actions. The prosecution had
reportedly
  indicated that they would take lenient measures against him
if he
  apologized for his "pro-Pyongyang activities" and made a
formal pledge
  of loyalty to South Korea. This leads to questions of
whether Professor
  Song was being forced to convert his ideology.
 
  Professor Song has reportedly admitted to joining the ruling
Korean
  Workers' Party but has continuously denied acting as a
Politburo
  member. He has publicly stated that he would relinquish his
membership
  of the Korean Workers' Party and abide by South Korean law.
Amnesty
  International is concerned that the reported stance of the
prosecution
  indicates that the "ideology conversion oath" which was
abolished under
  South Korean law in June 1998 still seems to exist in
practice. People
  such as Professor Song who are exercising their rights to
freedom of
  expression are punished for holding ideological beliefs that
run
  counter to those that the South Korean government supports.
 
  In Professor Song's case, his actions from the past as well
as academic
  articles and books have been raised in court. The
prosecution states
  that there is clear evidence that his books are praising
North Korea -
  an act which is punishable underthe NSL. Amnesty
International is
  concerned that the NSL has frequently been used as a form
of
  censorship, to imprison people for publishing and
distributing material
  deemed to "benefit" North Korea. This is all the more
worrying as
  Professor Song's work is reportedly publicly available all
over South
  Korea which suggests a level of hypocrisy on behalf of the
authorities.
  The NSL is applied in an arbitrary fashion: while certain
leftpolitical
  works are permitted for academic study, possession of or
reference to
  the same works by students or activists with perceived
"proKorean"
  leanings often becomes a criminal offence. Such restrictions
onfreedom
  of expression violate Article 19(2) of the ICCPR.
 
  The current use of the NSL also appears to contradict the
government's
  "Peace and Prosperity Policy" of engagement with North
Korea. Under
  this policy the government encourages closer relations with
North Korea
  through initiatives such as dialogue, trade and travel.
Conversely,
  under the NSL people continue to be arrested for merely
discussing
  reunification, publishing socialist or "proNorth Korean"
material or
  having views considered similar to those of the North Korean
government.
 
 
  Amnesty International calls on the government of South Korea
to:
 
 
  Immediately and unconditionally release Professor Song
Du-yul who is
  detained for having peacefully exercised his right to
freedom of
  expression and association;
  abolish the draconian National Security Law or otherwise
amend it to
  bring it into line with international standards regarding
clarity of
  criminal law, freedom of expression and association;
 
  ensure prompt and full implementation of international
standards to
  which South Korea is a party which call for the elimination
of all
  cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment.
 
  I look forward to receiving your responses to these
concerns.
 
  Yours sincerely,
 
 
  For Irene Khan, Secretary General


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