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Ref.: TG ASA 25/2004.01
Acting President Goh Kun
The Blue House
1 Sejong-no, Jongno-gu
Seoul
Republic of Korea (South Korea) 1 April 2004
Open letter to Acting President Goh Kun - Continued use of
the
draconian National Security Law: Amnesty International's
concerns about
Professor Song Du-yul's case.
Dear President Goh,
Amnesty International has actively campaigned for human
rights in South
Korea for many years. We have witnessed positive
developments that have
enhanced human rights for South Korean citizens. I
acknowledge that one
of the first acts of your cabinet in April 2003 was to
release some
long term prisoners of conscience under an official amnesty.
However,
my concern is that in some areas of human rights, the
situation remains
unchanged. For example, the continued and arbitrary use of
the National
Security Law (NSL) has led to an erosion of human rights.
Amnesty International acknowledges that every government has
a right to
take measures to ensure the security of its citizens. We
also
appreciate that South Korea has special security concerns
with regard
to North Korea. However, security concerns should never be
used as an
excuse to deny people the right to express different
political views
and to exercise fundamental human rights including the right
to freedom
of expression as established in international standards
including the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)
to which
South Korea is a state party.
Amnesty International is concerned that in South Korea the
NSL - which
has been in force since 1948 - has been used throughout the
years to
imprison people for nonviolent political activities. The law
provides
for long sentences or the death penalty for "antistate" and
"espionage"
activities, terms that are not clearly defined and have
often been used
arbitrarily against people peacefully exercisingtheir basic
rights to
freedom of expression and association. For instance, Article
3 of the
NSL provides for "capital punishment or imprisonment for
life" for "a
person who is engaged in the function of a ringleader" or "a
leading
member" of an "anti-government organization". According to
Article 7 of
the law, (under which most arrests are made today) anyone
found guilty
of "praising" and "benefiting" the enemy (generally meaning
North
Korea) will receive sentences of up to seven years'
imprisonment.
The Human Rights Committee (the expert body established
under the
ICCPRto monitor states' compliance with the Covenant) in
October 1999
considered that "the scope of activities that may be
regarded as
encouraging 'anti-state organizations' under article 7 of
the National
Security Law is unreasonably wide." The Committee concluded
"that the
restrictions placed on freedom of expression do not meet
the
requirements of article 19, paragraph 3 of the Covenant, as
they cannot
be regarded as necessary to protect national security."
On 30 April 2004, Professor Song Du-yul, a philosophy
professor at
Muenster University in Germany, was sentenced to seven years
under the
NSL by the Seoul District Court. Amnesty International is
concerned to
find in the case of Professor Song that yet again the NSL
has been used
to target someone who has exercised his right to freedom of
expression
in a non-violent manner. Professor Song (59) a naturalised
German
citizen since 1993, has acted on his beliefs in a
non-violent way, as
such, Amnesty International considers him to be a prisoner
of
conscience. The South Korean law under which he is currently
indicted
fails to meet international human rights standards which
require that
all criminal offences are defined precisely or clearly so
that people
understand what conduct is prohibited. Its vaguely worded
clauses have
been used arbitrarily to criminalize the exercise of freedom
of
expression.
Under the alias Kim chul-su, Professor Song is accused inter
alia; of
being a member of North Korea's Korean Workers'Party and its
Politburo
since meeting with the late North Korean leader Kim Il-sung
in 1991;
spreading North Korean ideology abroad and visiting North
Korea on more
than 20 occasions since 1973 on "orders from Pyongyang". The
accusation
that he was a member of North Korea's Politburo was made by
Hwang Jang-
yop, (a former Korean Workers' Party secretary who defected
to South
Korea in 1997) in a book he wrote in 1998. Professor Song
always denied
this allegation and took Hwang Jang-yop to court. A South
Koreancourt
ruled in 2001 that there was no evidence for such an
allegation.
Professor Song visited South Korea on 22 September 2003
after 37 years
of exile in Germany. He was reportedly invited to South
Korea by the
Korea Democracy Foundation. Amnesty International has
received reports
that on the day of Professor Song's arrival, when he passed
immigration
control at the airport, a high-ranking official of the
National
Intelligence Service (NIS) approached Professor Song and
told him that
he had placed 40 agents around the airport and that
Professor Song
could either follow him directly to the NIS or go there the
followingmorning. He reportedly stated that if Professor
Song failed to
report to the NIS he would be arrested.
The day after he arrived in South Korea, Professor Song went
to the NIS
where he was reportedly interrogated by up to ten agents for
13-15
hours a day for four days though he was not detained. After
almost
three weeks the NIS handed over his case to the prosecution
even though
there was reportedly no new evidence for his alleged
Politburo
membership. On 22 October 2003, Professor Song was taken
into custody
apparently because of the possibility he might flee or
destroy
evidence. During the first few weeks he was interrogated for
eight-ten
hours a day, he was reportedly handcuffed and his upper arms
were tied
together with a rope. After protests from the German embassy
this ill-
treatment did stop. However, contrary to normal practice in
South Korea,
the prosecution did not allow a lawyer to be present during
interrogation.
During the entire interrogation Professor Song's lawyer was
not
permitted to be present. Even though the Seoul District
Court on 31
October ordered that prosecutors allow lawyers to accompany
Professor
Song during questioning, a decision upheld by the Supreme
Court on 1
November 2003 following an appeal by the prosecution.
Amnesty International considers the manner in which
Professor Song was
interrogated, for long periods by the NIS and the police
constitute
cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and a
violation of
Article 7 of the ICCPR. Under Article 16 of the Convention
against
Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment
to which South Korea acceded to in January 1995,the
government is also
obliged to prevent such treatment. Furthermore, the refusal
of the
prosecution to allow Professor Song's lawyer to be present
during
interrogations fails to comply with international fair trial
standards.
According to Principle 1 of the Basic Principles on the Role
of Lawyers
and Principle 17 (1) of the Body of Principles for the
Protection of
all Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment,
everyone
arrested or detained (whether or not on a
criminal charge) and everyone facing a criminal charge has
the right to
the assistance of a lawyer to protect their rights at all
stages of
criminal proceedings, including interrogations.
Professor Song was indicted on 19 November 2003 for
violating Articles
3, 5 and 8 of the NSL namely for "joining an anti-state
organisation"
and siding with an "enemy benefiting organisation." As
mentioned above,
Article 3 provides punishment including the death penalty
for
constituting or joining an "anti-state organization."
Article 5 of the
NSL stipulates punishment including the death penalty for
anyone who
provides voluntary assistance with "the intention of
assisting an anti-
government organization," while Article 8 stipulates
punishment for
anyone "who makes contact with a member of an
anti-government
organization or a person who has received an order from
it".
Prosecutors are reportedly calling for a 15 year prison
sentence for
Professor Song.
Amnesty International is also concerned at reports that
prosecutors
allegedly decided to indict Professor Song because he showed
few sign
of regret over his past actions. The prosecution had
reportedly
indicated that they would take lenient measures against him
if he
apologized for his "pro-Pyongyang activities" and made a
formal pledge
of loyalty to South Korea. This leads to questions of
whether Professor
Song was being forced to convert his ideology.
Professor Song has reportedly admitted to joining the ruling
Korean
Workers' Party but has continuously denied acting as a
Politburo
member. He has publicly stated that he would relinquish his
membership
of the Korean Workers' Party and abide by South Korean law.
Amnesty
International is concerned that the reported stance of the
prosecution
indicates that the "ideology conversion oath" which was
abolished under
South Korean law in June 1998 still seems to exist in
practice. People
such as Professor Song who are exercising their rights to
freedom of
expression are punished for holding ideological beliefs that
run
counter to those that the South Korean government supports.
In Professor Song's case, his actions from the past as well
as academic
articles and books have been raised in court. The
prosecution states
that there is clear evidence that his books are praising
North Korea -
an act which is punishable underthe NSL. Amnesty
International is
concerned that the NSL has frequently been used as a form
of
censorship, to imprison people for publishing and
distributing material
deemed to "benefit" North Korea. This is all the more
worrying as
Professor Song's work is reportedly publicly available all
over South
Korea which suggests a level of hypocrisy on behalf of the
authorities.
The NSL is applied in an arbitrary fashion: while certain
leftpolitical
works are permitted for academic study, possession of or
reference to
the same works by students or activists with perceived
"proKorean"
leanings often becomes a criminal offence. Such restrictions
onfreedom
of expression violate Article 19(2) of the ICCPR.
The current use of the NSL also appears to contradict the
government's
"Peace and Prosperity Policy" of engagement with North
Korea. Under
this policy the government encourages closer relations with
North Korea
through initiatives such as dialogue, trade and travel.
Conversely,
under the NSL people continue to be arrested for merely
discussing
reunification, publishing socialist or "proNorth Korean"
material or
having views considered similar to those of the North Korean
government.
Amnesty International calls on the government of South Korea
to:
Immediately and unconditionally release Professor Song
Du-yul who is
detained for having peacefully exercised his right to
freedom of
expression and association;
abolish the draconian National Security Law or otherwise
amend it to
bring it into line with international standards regarding
clarity of
criminal law, freedom of expression and association;
ensure prompt and full implementation of international
standards to
which South Korea is a party which call for the elimination
of all
cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment.
I look forward to receiving your responses to these
concerns.
Yours sincerely,
For Irene Khan, Secretary General